Intro to High Throughput Sequencing and applications

Day 1 of the INF-BIO5151/9121 course “High Throughput Sequencing technologies and bioinformatics analysis”

Sequencing technologies

What sequencing platforms do you know

Exercise using Mentimeter wordcloud

Mentimeter wordcloud

Mentimeter wordcloud

  • Illumina HiSeq 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 4000
  • Illumina HiSeq X (Five and Ten)
  • Illumina NextSeq 500
  • Illumina MiSeq
  • Pacific Biosciences RSII
  • Ion Torrent PGM
  • Ion Torrent Proton
  • Ion Torrent S5 and S5XL
  • Oxford Nanopore MinION (MkI), PromethION, GridION
  • Roche 454 GS FLX, Junior
  • SOLiD 1 2 3 4 5500 5500XL
  • BGI revolocity
  • HeliScope
  • ABI Sanger 3730xl

Special types

  • 10X genomics
  • Moleculo/TruSeq synthetic reads
  • BioNano Genomics

Read lengths versus throughput for sequencing instruments

Exercise using Google sheets:

  • for each sequencing instrument still being sold, find the specifications on the company website
  • make a plot in a google spreadsheet with the read length on the x-axis and the per-run throughput in Gigabp on the Y axis
  • make both axis log scale
  • my example is here

Discuss my version on figshare: http://figshare.com/articles/developments_in_NGS/100940. See also my blog post on the most recent edition.

Slide with figure 1 from Reuter *et al* 2015.

Similarities between all sequencing platforms

Exercise using mentimeter wordcloud - skipped

Details on the technology behind the different sequencing platforms

In detail: Illumina library preparation and sequencing
In detail: PacBio library preparation and sequencing
In detail: Oxford Nanopore MinION library preparation and sequencing

In detail: 10X genomics https://vimeo.com/120429438

In detail: BioNano Genomics https://vimeo.com/116090215

What read types do you know?

Slides/whiteboard: Paired end versus single end versus mate pair, subreads, 2D reads

What applications do you know of for HTS?

Exercise using mentimeter wordcloud

Mentimeter wordcloud

Mentimeter wordcloud

Illumina has a poster with all library preparation methods.

Lior Pachter has “an up-to-date annotated bibliography of *Seq assays (functional genomics assays based on high-througphput sequencing)” on this page.

Slide with figure 4 from Reuter *et al* 2015.

Selected applications

  • RNA-seq
  • Assembly and metagenomics
  • ChIP-seq
  • Amplicon sequencing
  • SNP typing and discovery
  • Single-cell sequencing

Principles and problems of HTS data analysis

What skills do you think you need for analysing HTS data?

Exercise using mentimeter wordcloud.
Mentimeter wordcloud

Mentimeter wordcloud

Subject Items HTS data analysis example
Data Amount of data multi-GB fastq files
  Finding data ENA, SRA, ensembl, UCSC
  Getting data in the right shape fastq versions
  Scrubbing read errors, denoising of amplicons
  Understanding the data (file formats) vcf file format
  Data management (storing, copying, moving data) store bam files or not?
  Sharing data ENA, SRA
Software Understanding the algorithms mapping reads
  Installing software don’t get me started
  Choosing program from all possible mapping programs
  Can not always use the same tool availability of a reference genome
  Not always the same tool that is best iMetAmos
  Software parameter space kmer size for assembly
  Validation of computational results assembly comparison
Compute resources Local versus HPC versus cloud Abel versus Amazon
  Computational time mapping versus assembly
  Getting access Abel
  Optimal use of HPC resources disk I/O for life science applications
User interfaces unix shell bwa
  web-based Galaxy, Hyperbrowser
  GUI-based Microsoft office, CLCBio
Skills Unix skills ssh, rsync
  Programming skills R, python
  Statistics GWAS
Ethics Ethical approval human subjects
  Sensitive data human sequencing data
  Reproducibility pipelines

Ranking skills important for analysing HTS data

Mentimeter exercise - skipped

Anscombe’s quartet: https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anscombe’s_quartet

Some aspects of errors in reads

What can go wrong during Illumina sequencing (i.e. errors)

Mentimeter exercise - skipped

What can go wrong during PacBio sequencing (i.e. errors)

Mentimeter exercise - skipped

Slide: PacBio sequencing explained from the Metzker paper

Slide: GC bias plot from this Laehnemann et al paper

Batch effects: see http://bitesizebio.com/20998/beware-the-bane-of-batch-effects/

What are the basic skills we want you to learn?

  • Quality control (both reads and analysis results)
  • Study design (e.g. replicates)
  • Principles of mapping
  • Principles of assembly
  • Statistics, hypothesis testing
  • Summary statistics and visualisation
  • Sanity checking/validation of results
  • Model system versus non-model system organisms
  • Reproducibility
  • Finding data, and munging it